• The Problem: Why Choose a New Road
  
• The Solution: Accelerated Progress Toward Biointensive IPM
• Getting There: Our Recommendations Provide a Roadmap
• Moving Ahead

    Many Ounces of Prevention

• Tampering with the Reproductive Process
• Unwelcome Intruders
• Many Little Hammers
• Relying on Natural Enemies and Other Beneficials

• Information Systems Help Shape Timely Field Responses
• Searching for Redundancy

• Four Zones Along the Continuum

    Reliance: A Key Concept

• Pesticides Can Create Problems and Heighten Reliance

• Consumer Pesticide Use
• Pesticide Use in Agriculture
• Insecticide Use and Reliance
• Stable or Slowly Rising Reliance on Fungicides

    Environmental Risks from Pesticides

• Pesticide Toxicity to Beneficial Organisms
• Aquatic Toxicity
• Avian Toxicity

• Pesticides in the Body and the Environment
• Dietary Exposure
• Exposure through Drinking Water
• Other Routes of Exposure
• Human Health Risks from Pesticide Exposure
• The Increasing Complexity of Risk Assessments

• A Method to Track Average Risk Levels Over Time
• Trends in Pesticide Toxicity and Risk Over Time
• Pesticide Risk Assessment - An Insurmountable Challenge?

    The Early History of Pesticide Regulation: 1910 to the Early 1970s

• FIFRA, Written in 1947, Retains Focus on Product Efficacy
• The Mrak Commission Report: 1969

• The Goal of Regulation
• Benefits Enter the Decision Process
• A Recipe For Gridlock
• 1975 FIFRA Amendments Aim to Slow Down EPA
• CEQ Tries to Shift Focus to Pest Management

• "FIFRA Lite" Passes in 1988
• Another National Research Council Report Focuses on Policy
• Alar Shifts the Focus of Public Debate

• Setting Tolerances at Safe Levels: "Someday" Approaches
• Setting Tolerances: An Abundance of Advice From the NAS/NRC
• Setting Tolerances: Changes Made in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996
• Problems With the Reregistration Process
• Regulating Competition Within the Pesticide Industry

• FIFRA Ensures Steady Growth in the Pesticide Toolkit
• Regulation Wanes as a Factor Shaping Pesticide Use Patterns
• Plenty of Choices for Growers
• The Costs of Regulation and Pesticide Risk Management

    The National Park Service

• First Steps Toward IPM
• The National Capital Area Demonstration Project
• Going Nationwide
• Training Activities
• Record Keeping

• GSA Successes in the NCR - The "Termination of Extermination"
• Promoting IPM through Contract Specifications - GSA Sets the Pace
• Taking the NCR Program Nationwide

• The Department of Defense Plan
• Meeting the Year 2000 Challenge
• Matching Words and Actions - Challenges Persist for DOD
• Success Stories
• Base Conversion Trends

    Eradication Programs

• Medfly and Screwworm Programs
• The Lower-Rio Grande BWEP

• Commodity Programs
• Shaping the Market - Grading and Cosmetic Standards

• USDA Pest Management Research
• Trends in the Focus of University Research
• Collecting and Sharing Information

• Bt-Transgenic Plants
• Herbicide Tolerant Plants
• Overview of Biotech Priorities
• How Biotechnology Can Support Biointensive IPM

    The Nature and Roots of Biointensive IPM

• Definition of Biointensive IPM
• Transitions and Adapting to Change
• Soil Quality: The Foundation of Sustainable Agriculture

• Four Zones
• The Pear Pest Management System Continuum in California: A Case Study

• ERS Estimates of IPM Adoption
• Consumers Union's Estimates of IPM Adoption

    Trouble from the Start

• No Yardstick Applicable to IPM
• EPA's "Pest SMART" Effort

• New Funding Proves Elusive

• A New Division Takes Over
• Focus on Registering Reduced Risk Biopesticides
• Special Caution Needed in Regulating Transgenic Plants

    Mapping the Transition to Biointensive IPM

• The Appropriate Role of Government
• Goals for Progress Toward Biointensive IPM
• Reducing Pesticide Reliance, Use and Risks

• New Science and Technology
• Promoting Professionalism: Technology Transfer, Education and Certification
• Redesign Government Policies that Promote Pesticide Reliance

• Broaden the Range of Consumer Choices
• Reward Biointensive IPM Innovators
• Use Government's Clout to Shape Markets for IPM
• Sharing the Costs of Progress Along the Continuum
• What Major Corporations Can Do

• Target High Risk Pesticides
• Don't Register New High Risk Products
• Speed Approval of Low Risk Biopesticides
• Reconsider the Role of Benefits
• Reduce and Share the Costs of Regulation